Identifying the origin of groundwater samples in a multi-layer aquifer system with Random Forest classification

dentification of the origin of groundwater samples is not always possible in complex multilayered aquifers. This poses a major difficulty for a reliable interpretation of geochemical results. The problem is especially severe when the information on the tubewells design is hard to obtain. This paper shows a supervised classification method based on the Random Forest (RF) machine learning technique to identify the layer from where groundwater samples were extracted. The classification rules were based on the major ion composition of the samples. We applied this method to the Campo de Cartagena multi-layer aquifer system, in southeastern Spain. A large amount of hydrogeochemical data was available, but only a limited fraction of the sampled tubewells included a reliable determination of the borehole design and, consequently, of the aquifer layer being exploited. Added difficulty was the very similar compositions of water samples extracted from different aquifer layers. Moreover, not all groundwater samples included the same geochemical variables. Despite of the difficulty of such a background, the Random Forest classification reached accuracies over 90%. These results were much better than the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Decision Trees (CART) supervised classification methods. From a total of 1549 samples, 805 proceeded from one unique identified aquifer, 409 proceeded from a possible blend of waters from several aquifers and 335 were of unknown origin. Only 468 of the 805 uniqueaquifer samples included all the chemical variables needed to calibrate and validate the models. Finally, 107 of the groundwater samples of unknown origin could be classified. Most unclassified samples did not feature a complete dataset. The uncertainty on the identification of training samples was taken in account to enhance the model. Most of the samples that could not be identified had an incomplete dataset.

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Baudron P. Alonso Sarría F. García Aróstegui J.L. Cánovas García F. Martínez Vicente D. y Moreno Brotóns J. Identifying the origin of groundwater samples in a multi-layer aquifer system with Random Forest classification. Elsevier B.V., 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.07.009

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Retrieved: 07 Nov 2025 19:08:00
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Resource type Article
Date of creation 2024-11-05
Date of last revision 2024-11-05
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Metadata identifier 9bbcf4b3-b057-5bf7-af20-4729497e8294
Metadata language Spanish
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High-value dataset category Earth observation and environment
ISO 19115 topic category biota
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Name of the dataset creator Baudron, P., Alonso Sarría, F., García Aróstegui, J.L., Cánovas García, F., Martínez Vicente, D. y Moreno Brotóns, J.
Name of the dataset editor Elsevier B.V.
Other identifier DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.07.009
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Email of the dataset creator paul.baudron@baudron.com
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